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Stroma, in botany, refers to the colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast.〔''stroma, n.'' Second edition, 1989; online version June 2011. Within the stroma are grana, stacks of thylakoids, the sub-organelles, the daughter cells, where photosynthesis is commenced before the chemical changes are completed in the stroma.〔 Kramer & Scott ''Cell Concept'' iv. 80 1979〕 Photosynthesis occurs in two stages. In the first stage, ''light-dependent reactions'' capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH. During the second stage, the ''light-independent reactions'' use these products to capture and reduce carbon dioxide. The series of biochemical redox reactions which take place in the stroma are collectively called the Calvin cycle or ''light-independent reactions''. There are three phases: carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration. The stroma is also the location of chloroplast DNA and chloroplast ribosomes, and thus also the location of molecular processes including chloroplast DNA replication, and transcription/translation of some chloroplast proteins. ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Stroma (fluid)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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